Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process. This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified.Īdversaries may modify access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and bypass access controls. The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.Īdversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action.Īdversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the sudoers file to elevate privileges. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them may not have the specific required privileges.Īdversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Normally an application is run in the current user’s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application binary, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively. An adversary can perform several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system.Īn adversary may abuse configurations where an application has the setuid or setgid bits set in order to get code running in a different (and possibly more privileged) user’s context. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that can be considered of higher risk. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can perform on a machine. Raven with range tank loses several million isk per hour to this.Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevate privileges to gain higher-level permissions. This shows meaningfully in nullsec ratting where e.g. this can mean a multiple second lull in damage projection, especially at long ranges, and the faster travel negates it (in effect 1-2 seconds per trigger at orbit ranges).in these occasions you cannot lock a new rat until the volley has reached and killed the trigger.This topic is actually quite relevant but not especially clear.įaster missile travel adds applied dps, meaningfully so: Now with torpedoes you can get 80km range. I guess with cruise missiles the only change would be time to target. Okay for some reason I thought the velocity of missiles effected damage but it's only the target velocity. Or have they changed missile damage formula recently? How do you figure? Are you talking about better damage projection (in which case I don't see how this differs from better optimal/falloff)? Better survival against defender missiles? Even though the Golem can practically shoot missiles into the future the velocity bonus does more than add range.
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